《金史》•卷四十三·志第二十四·舆服上
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The standard clothing of the Jin people consists of: sash, head covering, round-collar robe, and black leather boots. The sash is called "Tughe." The head covering is made of black silk or gauze, with a square top, folded and hanging down at the back. At the two corners below the top, small square cloths (each about two inches in size) are attached, each with a long strap (six to seven inches). Across the top of the head covering, there may be a fold or pleat. For those of high status, the square top is adorned with pearls arranged in a cross pattern, with one large pearl centered in the middle, known as the "top pearl." Pearl-embellished cords are attached to each side of the sash, hanging down halfway along the sash. This was given to Da Xingguo by Helin. The color of the robes is mostly white; for those of third rank, black is used. The sleeves are narrow, the collar is round, and the armpits are sewn closed. The lower part is formed into pleats and the trousers are not cut. The chest, shoulders, and sleeves may be decorated with gold embroidery. For spring-water-themed robes, it often features designs of eagles capturing geese and mixed floral patterns; for autumn-hill-themed robes, bears and deer in mountainous landscapes are featured. The long robes are designed for ease in riding. The Tughe sash is made of jade for the highest rank, gold for the next, and rhino or elephant bone or horn for the lower ranks. The sash straps are small and placed in front, or large and placed behind. On each side, there are double tail ends, placed within a frame, carved with spring-water or autumn-hill motifs. On the left side is a plaque, and on the right is a knife. The knife should be made of a superior steel alloy (like milled steel), with a handle made of chicken-thorn wood, half black and half yellow. Knives with two black tips are considered high quality, with some having three or five tips. The interior decoration uses a type of purple-stained birch bark (resembling sauce bean patterns), and the knife handles are decorated with sea creatures or powdered gold mixed with lacquer, smoothed and polished. This type of birch bark has a deep purple, bean-like pattern, originating from within the country, hence its popularity.
Initially, the Jurchens were forbidden from changing their surname into Han and adopting the Han-style attire. Violators would be punished by eighty lashes and registered as commoners under permanent rules.
Women wore a wrap-around skirt, predominantly black or purple, with embroidered full-flower designs, and six pleats on their bodies. The upper garment is known as a "tuanshan," made of black, purple, or black-dyed indigo, with a straight collar, left-side closure, and a double pleat on each side. The front reaches the ground, with the back extending one foot beyond. The sash color is red or yellow, with the front part hanging down to the lower edge. Older women wore a black silk cap shaped like a headwrap, with jade decorations scattered on top, called "Yu Xiaoyao." These are styles from the Liao dynasty and were adopted by the Jin. When girls were about to marry, they wore a "chuizi" garment, resembling the dress of women, made of red or silver-brown with gold trim. It features a double front opening, a colorful collar, and the front reaches the ground with the back extending five inches beyond.
In the sixth year of Mingchang, all civil and military officials with a household assessment of six thousand stones or more, and those inheriting office, were allowed to wear a toothed collar, a purple circular and black ribbed silk sash, black boots, and could wear upper and lower ranks simultaneously. Students and scholars were only allowed to wear white shirts with a collar and a purple circular and black ribbed sash, black boots. Others wore plain purple collars, without borders, and were prohibited from using colored circular ribbed sashes. Boots were to be yellow or black oil leather, and women could wear as they pleased. In the fourth year of Tahe, as the nobility and officials were already permitted to have borders on their garments and black boots were already banned, it seemed unnecessarily restrictive. Thus, princes could wear silver-brown collars with purple borders, and officials of all grades wore purple collars with white borders; all other regulations followed those of the Mingchang era.
The regulation for book bags was established in the sixteenth year of Dading. King Shizong found that clerks and commoners' attire were too similar, and they infiltrated the common people, accepting bribes and causing corruption that the officials could not control. He therefore decreed a regulation requiring book bags to be worn. Provincial officials, the Bureau of Military Affairs, and translators were required to wear purple silk book bags. The examination bureaus, the six ministries, the Bureau of Clan Affairs, the Military Governor's Office, and the Inspection Office used black skewered leather book bags. Various offices, prefectures, and county officials used yellow leather ones. All book bags were seven inches in length, two inches in width, and half an inch thick, hung on the sash. When returning to private life, they were hung on their simple clothing. Violators would be reported by the appropriate authorities.
In the thirteenth year of Dading, the Office of Rites proposed that scholars, monks, nuns, female monks, those with teacher titles, and qualified civil servants of the eighth rank or above could wear silk, silk fabric, gauze, and other fine textiles. Civil officials serving in the office who had official status, or those with official positions below the eighth rank, even without holding official office, were allowed to wear silk, silk fabric, gauze, and cotton, and their families could wear the same. Women were allowed to use pearls as jewelry. The head officials of local offices and eighth-ranked civil servants were treated the same. Officials at prefectural, county, and city offices were considered equal to commoners. Commoners were only allowed to wear plain cotton, linen, coarse woolen fabrics, floral gauze, plain unpatterned silk, and cotton. Headwear, sashes, and collar scarves were permitted to be made of sesame silk or woven with wool, but they were not allowed to use precious materials such as gold, jade, rhino horns, elephant tusks, gemstones, glass, or decorative objects on knives, sheathes, or silver-plated furniture or beds. Women's jewelry was forbidden from using pearls, jade, or decorative ornaments; jade feathers were only permitted in floral headdresses or crowns, and no other use was allowed. Soldiers were allowed to wear plain pressed silk, plain cotton, linen, and coarse wool. Slaves and servants were only allowed to wear plain cotton, linen, and coarse wool. Performers and entertainers were permitted to wear decorated clothing during official receptions and public banquets, but their private attire remained the same as commoners.
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The standard clothing of the Jin people consists of: sash, head covering, round-collar robe, and black leather boots. The sash is called "Tughe." The head covering is made of black silk or gauze, with a square top, folded and hanging down at the back. At the two corners below the top, small square cloths (each about two inches in size) are attached, each with a long strap (six to seven inches). Across the top of the head covering, there may be a fold or pleat. For those of high status, the square top is adorned with pearls arranged in a cross pattern, with one large pearl centered in the middle, known as the "top pearl." Pearl-embellished cords are attached to each side of the sash, hanging down halfway along the sash. This was given to Da Xingguo by Helin. The color of the robes is mostly white; for those of third rank, black is used. The sleeves are narrow, the collar is round, and the armpits are sewn closed. The lower part is formed into pleats and the trousers are not cut. The chest, shoulders, and sleeves may be decorated with gold embroidery. For spring-water-themed robes, it often features designs of eagles capturing geese and mixed floral patterns; for autumn-hill-themed robes, bears and deer in mountainous landscapes are featured. The long robes are designed for ease in riding. The Tughe sash is made of jade for the highest rank, gold for the next, and rhino or elephant bone or horn for the lower ranks. The sash straps are small and placed in front, or large and placed behind. On each side, there are double tail ends, placed within a frame, carved with spring-water or autumn-hill motifs. On the left side is a plaque, and on the right is a knife. The knife should be made of a superior steel alloy (like milled steel), with a handle made of chicken-thorn wood, half black and half yellow. Knives with two black tips are considered high quality, with some having three or five tips. The interior decoration uses a type of purple-stained birch bark (resembling sauce bean patterns), and the knife handles are decorated with sea creatures or powdered gold mixed with lacquer, smoothed and polished. This type of birch bark has a deep purple, bean-like pattern, originating from within the country, hence its popularity.
Initially, the Jurchens were forbidden from changing their surname into Han and adopting the Han-style attire. Violators would be punished by eighty lashes and registered as commoners under permanent rules.
Women wore a wrap-around skirt, predominantly black or purple, with embroidered full-flower designs, and six pleats on their bodies. The upper garment is known as a "tuanshan," made of black, purple, or black-dyed indigo, with a straight collar, left-side closure, and a double pleat on each side. The front reaches the ground, with the back extending one foot beyond. The sash color is red or yellow, with the front part hanging down to the lower edge. Older women wore a black silk cap shaped like a headwrap, with jade decorations scattered on top, called "Yu Xiaoyao." These are styles from the Liao dynasty and were adopted by the Jin. When girls were about to marry, they wore a "chuizi" garment, resembling the dress of women, made of red or silver-brown with gold trim. It features a double front opening, a colorful collar, and the front reaches the ground with the back extending five inches beyond.
In the sixth year of Mingchang, all civil and military officials with a household assessment of six thousand stones or more, and those inheriting office, were allowed to wear a toothed collar, a purple circular and black ribbed silk sash, black boots, and could wear upper and lower ranks simultaneously. Students and scholars were only allowed to wear white shirts with a collar and a purple circular and black ribbed sash, black boots. Others wore plain purple collars, without borders, and were prohibited from using colored circular ribbed sashes. Boots were to be yellow or black oil leather, and women could wear as they pleased. In the fourth year of Tahe, as the nobility and officials were already permitted to have borders on their garments and black boots were already banned, it seemed unnecessarily restrictive. Thus, princes could wear silver-brown collars with purple borders, and officials of all grades wore purple collars with white borders; all other regulations followed those of the Mingchang era.
The regulation for book bags was established in the sixteenth year of Dading. King Shizong found that clerks and commoners' attire were too similar, and they infiltrated the common people, accepting bribes and causing corruption that the officials could not control. He therefore decreed a regulation requiring book bags to be worn. Provincial officials, the Bureau of Military Affairs, and translators were required to wear purple silk book bags. The examination bureaus, the six ministries, the Bureau of Clan Affairs, the Military Governor's Office, and the Inspection Office used black skewered leather book bags. Various offices, prefectures, and county officials used yellow leather ones. All book bags were seven inches in length, two inches in width, and half an inch thick, hung on the sash. When returning to private life, they were hung on their simple clothing. Violators would be reported by the appropriate authorities.
In the thirteenth year of Dading, the Office of Rites proposed that scholars, monks, nuns, female monks, those with teacher titles, and qualified civil servants of the eighth rank or above could wear silk, silk fabric, gauze, and other fine textiles. Civil officials serving in the office who had official status, or those with official positions below the eighth rank, even without holding official office, were allowed to wear silk, silk fabric, gauze, and cotton, and their families could wear the same. Women were allowed to use pearls as jewelry. The head officials of local offices and eighth-ranked civil servants were treated the same. Officials at prefectural, county, and city offices were considered equal to commoners. Commoners were only allowed to wear plain cotton, linen, coarse woolen fabrics, floral gauze, plain unpatterned silk, and cotton. Headwear, sashes, and collar scarves were permitted to be made of sesame silk or woven with wool, but they were not allowed to use precious materials such as gold, jade, rhino horns, elephant tusks, gemstones, glass, or decorative objects on knives, sheathes, or silver-plated furniture or beds. Women's jewelry was forbidden from using pearls, jade, or decorative ornaments; jade feathers were only permitted in floral headdresses or crowns, and no other use was allowed. Soldiers were allowed to wear plain pressed silk, plain cotton, linen, and coarse wool. Slaves and servants were only allowed to wear plain cotton, linen, and coarse wool. Performers and entertainers were permitted to wear decorated clothing during official receptions and public banquets, but their private attire remained the same as commoners.
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